Colon polyps are growths on the lining of the large intestine that are often asymptomatic and are detected during colonoscopy, but some can become cancerous over time; therefore, detection and removal of polyps is the most important way to prevent colorectal cancer. The risk of polyps increases with age, family history of cancer or polyps, certain genetic syndromes, unhealthy lifestyle (low-fiber and high-fat diet, obesity, smoking, alcohol), and long-term inflammatory bowel disease.
Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that can affect any part from the mouth to the anus, but is most commonly seen in the small and large intestines. The inflammation is usually patchy and can involve all layers of the intestinal wall, and can lead to deep ulcers, strictures, and fistulas. The disease usually begins between the ages of 20 and 35 (although it can occur at any age), and its prevalence is approximately equal between women and men. The increase in cases in recent years, especially in countries with previously low prevalence, indicates the role of environmental and lifestyle factors.
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammation of the large intestine that involves only the superficial layer of the mucosa and usually starts from the rectum, spreading continuously in the colon. Unlike Crohn’s disease, it is limited to the colon and does not involve the entire thickness of the wall. The disease usually occurs between the ages of 20 and 40 (although it can be seen at any age), and its prevalence is approximately equal in men and women. In recent decades, the incidence has increased in some countries, which is probably related to environmental factors and lifestyle.
Diverticulosis refers to the presence of multiple small pouches in the wall of the large intestine that protrude outward, and when inflamed or infected, it is called diverticulitis. Its prevalence increases with age and is seen in a significant portion of the population after age 60. The pattern of colon involvement differed among populations in the past (more common in the sigmoid in Western countries and in the right colon in some Asian populations), but with changes in lifestyle, these differences have decreased. Diet, physical activity, and obesity are important factors in its development.
